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1.1 General This document is the base standard for a number of other standards dealing with water treatment equipment, water, dialysis water, concentrates, and dialysis fluid (ISO 23500 series) and provides dialysis practitioners with guidance on the preparation of dialysis fluid for haemodialysis and related therapies and substitution fluid for use in online therapies, such as haemodiafiltration and haemofiltration. As such, this document functions as a recommended practice. This document does not address clinical issues that might be associated with inappropriate usage of the water, dialysis water, concentrates, or dialysis fluid. Healthcare professionals involved in the provision of treatment for kidney failure should make the final decision regarding the applications with which these fluids are used, for example, haemodialysis, haemodiafiltration, high-flux haemodialysis, and the reprocessing of dialysers, and need to be aware of the issues that the use of inappropriate fluid quality raises in each of the therapies. The concepts incorporated in this document should not be considered inflexible or static. The recommendations presented here should be reviewed periodically in order to assimilate increased understanding of the role of dialysis fluid purity in patient outcomes and technological developments. 1.2 Inclusions This document addresses the user's responsibility for dialysis fluid once the equipment used in its preparation has been delivered and installed. For the purposes of this document, dialysis fluid includes: a) dialysis water (see 3.17 for definition) used for the preparation of dialysis fluid and substitution fluid, b) dialysis water used for the preparation of concentrates at the user's facility, c) concentrates, d) the final dialysis fluid and substitution fluid. The scope of this document includes a) the quality management of equipment used to treat and distribute water used for the preparation of dialysis fluid and substitution ...