ASTM-F1166 › Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

ASTM-F1166 - 2023 EDITION - CURRENT -- See the following: ASTM-F840
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Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

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Scope

1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.

1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.

1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.

1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.

1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section and Subsections	Title
1	Scope
2	Referenced Documents
3	Terminology
4	Significance and Use
5	Controls
5.1	Principles of Control Design
5.2	General Design Guidelines
5.3	Control Movement
5.4	Control Spacing
5.5	Coding of Controls
5.6	Control Use and Design
6	Displays
6.1	Visual Displays
6.2	Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays
6.3	Display Illumination
6.4	Display Types
6.5	Audible Displays
7	Alarms
7.1	General Alarm Requirements
7.2	Visual Alarms
7.3	Audible Alarms
7.4	Voice Messages
7.5	Alarm Initiation Stations
7.6	Alarm Requirements by IMO
8	Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms
8.1	Principles of Design
8.2	Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement
8.3	Separating Groupings
8.4	Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms
8.5	Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms
8.6	Control and Display Movement Relationships
8.7	Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
8.8	Alternative Approach to Grouping Design
8.9	Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges
9	Anthropometry
9.1	General Design Requirements
9.2	Static Anthropometric Data
10	Workplace Arrangements
10.1	Basic Principles of Workplace Design
10.2	Seated Workstation
10.3	Standing Workstation
10.4	Kneeling Workstation
10.5	Squatting Workstation
10.6	Shelving
10.7	Status Boards and File Cabinets
10.8	Work Benches
10.9	Vertical Strainers and Filters
10.10	Reach Limitations at Workstations
10.11	Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers
10.12	Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays
10.13	Hand Cranks and Pumps
10.14	Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment
10.15	Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing
10.16	Consoles and Control Panels
10.17	Bridge Design
11	Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms)
11.1	Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps
11.2	Stairs
11.3	Ramps
11.4	Vertical Ladders
11.5	Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages
11.6	Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices
11.7	Special Ladder Requirements
11.8	Handle/Hand Grab
11.9	Individual Rung Ladders
11.10	D-Ring Ladders
11.11	Handrails
11.12	Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement
11.13	Elevated Work Platforms
11.14	Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels
11.15	Doors and Arches
11.16	Permanent Means of Access (PMA)
12	Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location
12.1	General Design Requirements
12.2	Valve Criticality and Location
12.3	Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated
12.4	Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves
12.5	Alternative Valve Orientations
12.6	Valve Manifolds
13	Human-Computer Interface
13.1	General Design Requirements
13.2	System Operations
13.3	Computer Displays
13.4	Display Content
13.5	Display Coding
13.6	Dynamic Displays
13.7	Display Format
13.8	Textual Data Displays
13.9	Graphic Displays
13.10	Audio Displays
13.11	Data Entry
13.12	Interactive Control
13.13	Graphic Controls
13.14	Windows
13.15	Menus
13.16	Forms
13.17	Alarms
13.18	Language
13.19	Feedback
13.20	Prompts
13.21	Defaults
13.22	Error Management/Data Protection
13.23	Data Security
13.24	Help
13.25	Software
13.26	Data Transmission/Messaging
13.27	Input Devices
13.28	Cursors
13.29	Printing
14	Habitability
14.1	Noise
14.2	Indoor Climate
14.3	Lighting
14.4	Whole-body Vibration and Shock
15	Labeling
15.1	Design Criteria of Labels
15.2	Abbreviations
15.3	Symbols
15.4	Component Labels on Consoles and Panels
15.5	Equipment Identification Labels
15.6	Electrical System Labels
15.7	Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels
15.8	Pipe Marker Labels
15.9	Safe Working Load Identification Labels
15.10	Load Weight Identification Labels
15.11	Hazard Identification Signs
15.12	Information Signs
15.13	Instruction Labels
15.14	Graphical Schematics or Diagrams
15.15	Orientation Plans
15.16	Emergency Instructions
16	Material Handling
16.1	Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying
16.2	Weight Lifting
16.3	Weight Carrying
16.4	Design of Handles and Grasp Areas
16.5	Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices
16.6	Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies
16.7	Crane Design
17	Design for Maintenance
17.1	General Design Requirements
17.2	Maintenance Accessibility
17.3	Maintenance Environments
17.4	Lubrication
17.5	Cases
17.6	Covers
17.7	Fasteners
17.8	Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access
17.9	Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
17.10	Equipment Modularization
17.11	Equipment Mounting and Installation
17.12	Standardization
17.13	Electrical Wires and Cables
17.14	Conductors
17.15	Connectors
17.16	Test Equipment
17.17	Fuses and Circuit Breakers
17.18	Hydraulic Systems
17.19	Stored Energy Devices
17.20	Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds
17.21	Test and Sample Points
18	Hazards and Safety
18.1	Hierarchy of Controls
18.2	Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings
18.3	General Workplace Hazards
18.4	General Equipment-Related Hazards
18.5	Electrical Hazards
18.6	Mechanical Hazards
18.7	Fluid Hazards
18.8	Safety Barriers
18.9	Fall Protection
18.10	Emergency Egress
19	Communications
19.1	Communication System Requirements
19.2	Microphones
19.3	Headsets
19.4	Loudspeakers
19.5	Telephone Systems
20	Keywords
21	Acknowledgement
Appendix X1	Small Boat and High Speed Craft (HSC) Appendix
Appendix X2	Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design Checklist
Appendix X3	Guidance for the Selection and Testing of Slip Resistant Walking Surfaces

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure	Title
1	Control Movement Expectations
2	Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements
3	Pedal Location and Design Requirements
4	Lateral Spacing for Pedals
5	Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls
6	Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls
7	Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls
8	Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks
9	Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks
10	Design Criteria for Pushbuttons
11	Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)
12	Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches
13	Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches
14	Design Requirements for Rocker Switches
15	Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls
16	Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls
17	Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers
18	Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers
19	Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls
20	Visual Lines of Sight
21	Primary and Secondary Fields-of-view
22	Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings
23	Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives
24	Scale Number Placement
25	Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display
26	Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays
27	Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings
28	Digital Display Design Requirements
29	Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function
30	Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipment
31	Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended)
32	Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment
33	Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use
34	Grouping with Physical Separation
35	Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders
36	Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads
37	Grouping with Sub-panels
38	Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-handed Operator
39	Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays
40	Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls
41	Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control
42	Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator
43	Control and Display Movement Relationship
44	Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
45	Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels
46	Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays
47	Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space
48	Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout
49	Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout
50	Standing Body Dimensions
51	Seated Body Dimensions
52	Depth and Breadth Dimensions
53	Hand and Foot Dimensions
54	Gloved Hand Dimensions
55	Head Dimensions
56	Changes in Levels up to a Maximum of 6 mm (¹/₄ in.)
57	Seated Workspace Dimensions
58	Dimensions for a Computer Workstation
59	Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk
60	Seating at CRT-Type Workstations
61	Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation
62	Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel
63	Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel
64	Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel
65	Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel
66	Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person
67	Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel
68	Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker
69	Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel
70	Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel
71	Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker
72	Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access
73	Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet
74	Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top
75	Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves
76	Mounting Height of Status Boards
77	Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets
78	Workbench Dimensions
79	Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier
80	Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-mounted Equipment in Passageways
81	Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures
82	Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment
83	Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship
84	Seated Single-operator Console Dimensions
85	Wraparound Seated Console
86	Special Width Console
87	Multi-tiered Standing Console
88	Multi-tiered Seated Console
89	Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console
90	Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles
91	Stair Dimensions
92	Straight Run Ramp Dimensions
93	Ramp with Turning Platform
94	Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform
95	Vertical Ladder Dimensions
96	Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement
97	Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration
98	Caged Ladder Dimensions
99	Cage Shape and Size
100	Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions
101	Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)
102	Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)
103	Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)
104	Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)
105	Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions
106	Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform
107	Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders
108	Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders
109	Fixed Handrail Design
110	Removable Handrail Dimensions
111	Special Handrail Design Dimensions
112	Transition Handrail Dimensions
113	Additional Personnel Movement-related Design Features
114	Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening
115	Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes
116	Dimensions for Lightening Holes
117	Access to Vertical Escape Hatches
118	Access to Overhead Hatch
119	Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch
120	Door Placement
121	Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque
122	Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems
123	Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems
124	Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems
125	Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems
126	Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems
127	Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only
128	Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position
129	Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface
130	Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves
131	Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves
132	Operating Valves from a Ladder
133	Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship
134	Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft
135	Valve Manifold for Fill, High-suction, and Low-suction Valves
136	Default Push Button
137	Push Button States
138	Radio Buttons
139	Check Boxes
140	Slider Control
141	Message Window Design
142	Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications
143	Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance
144	Permissible Noise Exposure Limits
145	Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements
146	Surface Reflectance Values
147	Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures
148	Independent Symbols
149	Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels
150	Control and Control Setting Labels
151	Control and Display Group Labels
152	Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls
153	Equipment Label Format
154	Sensor Label
155	Pipe Marker Labels
156	Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors
157	Hazard Signal Word Headers
158	Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs
159	Example of Information Sign
160	Handle Dimensions
161	Use of Hand Trucks
162	Use of Dollies
163	Case Orientation
164	Access Opening Covers
165	Example of Alignment Pins
166	Cable Arrangements
167	Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box
168	Fluid Line Connection Recommendations
169	Areas To Place Items on Bulkhead
170	Safety Barriers
X1.1	Primary and Secondary Fields of View

LIST OF TABLES
Table	Title
1	Recommended Manual Controls
2	Control Movement Expectations
3	Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls
4	Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls
5	Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry
6	Character Sizes for Digital Displays
7	Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals
8	Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms
9	General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency
10	Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds
11	Clothing and Postural Effects
12	International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available
13	Standing Height Dimensions—International Population
14	Seated Eye Height Dimensions��International Population
15	Forward Reach Dimensions—International Population
16	Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World
17	Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World
18	Weights for American Adult Females and Males
19	Seated Workspace Dimensions
20	Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation
21	Selection of Access Type
22	Stair Dimensions
23	Stair Widths
24	Handrail Arrangements
25	Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations
26	Walkway and Passageway Dimensions
27	Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-related Features
28	Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface
29	System Response Time Limits
30	Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices
31	Keyboard Push-button Characteristics
32	Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions
33	Pointing Device Button Actions
34	Limiting Dimensions for Mouse
35	Maximum Permissible Noise Levels
36	Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors
37	Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures
38	Maximum Brightness Ratios
39	Operational Environment Types
40	Examples of Equipment Labels
41	Pipe Label Format
42	Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/structure Piping
43	Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding
44	Message Text Character Heights
45	Design Weight Limits for Lifting
46	Design Weight Limits for Carrying
47	Limiting Factors
48	Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
49	Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
50	Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
51	Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)
52	Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)
53	Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access with Tools
54	Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access without Tools
55	Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools
56	Opening Dimensions for Two-hand Access
57	Thermal Temperature Limits
58	Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences
59	Minimum Speech Intelligibility Scores
X1.1	Visibility Standards for HSC and Small Boat Application
X1.2	Forward Functional Reach Measurements for North American Population
X2.1	Human Factors Checklist for Design

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Significance and Use

4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.

4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:

4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.

4.2.2 These principles include:

4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.

4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.

4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.

4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not.

4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design.

4.2.2.6 Equipment users may not recognize latent hazards in a design. Therefore designers shall identify unsafe features that may not be recognized by users to minimize, or eliminate unsafe tasks, operations and acts. In addition, if hazards exist, the designer should clearly communicate known hazards inherent in processes and procedures to the users.

4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user.

4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers will be forced to infer as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly.

4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially.

4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use.

4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment’s reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained.

4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors.

4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored.

4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose.

4.2.2.15 Users expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location.

4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator’s left as he or she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipment and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures.

4.2.3 Users develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably increase risks of user error.

4.3 Conflicts—Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority

4.4 Coverage—The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following:

4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity;

4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage;

4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays;

4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipment, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing;

4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability;

4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator;

4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations;

4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable;

4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability;

4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant);

4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them;

4.4.16 Designs that minimize the adverse impact of ship motion on human performance and health and safety; and

4.4.17 Designs that provide for safe and efficient operation and maintenance by user populations from all geographical regions of the maritime world.

4.5 Standardization—Controls, displays, markings, coding, labeling, and arrangement schemes for equipment and panel layouts shall be uniform for those items or designs that appear more than once on the vessel or structure. Human-machine interfaces shall exhibit common design approaches based on conventions and conformance to operator and maintainer expectations.

4.6 Off-the-Shelf Equipment—One criterion for selecting off-the-shelf commercial or government-furnished equipment should be the degree to which the equipment conforms to the design criteria of this practice. Where off-the-shelf equipment requires modification to interface with other equipment, the modification should be designed to comply with this practice.

4.7 Minimize Personnel—The design objective of the vessel or structure, equipment, systems, and subsystems shall be to reduce the number of personnel involved, especially simultaneously, in completing a particular task. Another design objective shall be to optimize ship or system manning, defined as the minimum number of personnel consistent with human performance, workload and safety requirements, reliability, affordability, and risk constraints.

4.8 Completeness—It is realized that no design guide or practice can cover every design requirement that might occur through the course of a ship or maritime structure’s evolution. It is recognized that there will be occurrences in which a particular design requirement may have to be interpreted from the data that do exist. There may also be occasions in which design criteria may have to be acquired from a source other than this practice. When those occurrences arise, it is important that assistance be provided by trained human factors engineering (HFE) professionals familiar with this, and other, maritime-oriented design guidelines and standards and experienced in the application of these guidelines to the design of ships and maritime structures.

FIG. 1 Control Movement Expectations

Keywords

anthropometrics; ergonomics; human engineering (HE); human factors engineering (HFE); human systems integration (HSI);

To find similar documents by ASTM Volume:

01.07 (Ships and Marine Technology)

To find similar documents by classification:

47.020.01 (General standards related to shipbuilding and marine structures)

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Document Number

ASTM-F1166-23

Revision Level

2023 EDITION

Status

Current

Modification Type

Revision

Publication Date

May 24, 2023

Document Type

Practice

Page Count

236 pages

Committee Number

F25.07

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